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What is the Cornea?

The cornea, often called the "window of the eye," is a clear dome shaped outer layer of the eye that allows the light to enter. This delicate, intricate tissue is essential for clear vision. The Cornea is subject to many conditions that can impair vision as result of injury from scratches or foreign objects, allergies, infections or hereditary dystrophies. Symptoms like red eyes, blurred vision, light sensitivity, or unusual pain may signal a corneal condition. At Pendleton Eye Care in Oceanside, our expert cornea specialists provide advanced care for North San Diego County patients to diagnose and treat these issues, helping restore your vision and comfort.

Common Cornea Diseases and Disorders

Although resilient, the cornea is vulnerable to injury as well as various diseases and disorders that can affect vision and overall eye health, including:

Injury

A corneal injury refers to damage to the cornea, the transparent, dome-shaped surface that covers the front of the eye. The cornea plays a crucial role in focusing light onto the retina, so any injury to it can affect vision and cause discomfort. Corneal injuries can range from minor scratches to more severe trauma.

  1. Corneal Abrasion:
    • A scratch or scrape on the corneal surface.
    • Commonly caused by foreign objects, fingernails, or rubbing the eyes too hard.
  2. Corneal Laceration:
    • A deeper cut or tear in the cornea.
    • Often results from sharp objects like knives, scissors, or shattered glass.
  3. Foreign Bodies:
    • Particles like dust, sand, or metal shavings stuck in the cornea.
    • Can lead to irritation or infection if not removed promptly.
  4. Chemical Burns:
    • Caused by exposure to acids, alkalis, or other harmful chemicals.
    • Alkali burns are typically more severe than acid burns.
  5. UV Light Injury (Photokeratitis):
    • Damage from exposure to intense UV light, such as sunlight, welding arcs, or tanning beds.
  6. Infections:
    • Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections can occur after trauma or due to contact lens misuse.
  • Eye pain or discomfort.
  • Redness and swelling.
  • Sensitivity to light (photophobia).
  • Blurred or reduced vision.
  • Feeling like something is stuck in the eye (foreign body sensation).
  • Excessive tearing.

Treatment for corneal injuries depends on the severity:

  • Minor Abrasions: Heal on their own with supportive care, such as lubricating eye drops or antibiotic ointments to prevent infection.
  • Foreign Bodies: May require removal by a healthcare provider.
  • Severe Injuries: Could require surgical intervention, such as sutures for lacerations or a corneal transplant in extreme cases.
  • Infections: Treated with appropriate antimicrobial agents.
  • Pain Management: Prescribed medications to relieve pain or inflammation.
  • Wear protective eyewear during activities that pose a risk to the eyes (e.g., sports, construction work, or welding).
  • Handle chemicals carefully and follow safety instructions.
  • Avoid rubbing your eyes, especially if you suspect debris is present.
  • Practice proper contact lens hygiene.

If you suspect a corneal injury, it’s essential to seek prompt medical attention to avoid complications like infections, scarring, or permanent vision loss.

Dry Eye Syndrome

Dry Eye Syndrome caused by insufficient tear production or poor quality tears is one of the most prevalent corneal conditions resulting in burning, stinging and a gritty sensation.

Allergies

Red, Itchy Eyes? It Could Be Allergies

Ocular allergies, commonly caused by pollen, are a frequent reason for red, itchy, and irritated eyes. While these allergies often don’t require medical attention, they can lead to significant discomfort and impact daily life. Most cases are easily managed with over-the-counter antihistamines, available as oral medications or eye drops.

If you’re experiencing persistent symptoms such as excessive tearing, dry eyes, stinging, or burning, it’s essential to seek professional care. At Pendleton Eye Center, our specialists can diagnose the underlying causes of your seasonal eye allergies and provide customized treatment plans to relieve discomfort and protect your vision.

Don’t let allergies disrupt your life. With expert care from Pendleton Eye Center, you can maintain clear, healthy vision year-round. Contact us today to schedule your consultation and take the first step toward lasting relief!

Keratitis

Inflammation of the Cornea (Keratitis)

Keratitis refers to inflammation of the cornea, which is most commonly associated with contact lens wearing and can significantly impact vision if left untreated. This condition can be classified into two main types:

  1. Noninfectious Keratitis
    This type is often caused by physical injury or wearing contact lenses for extended periods. It does not involve pathogens but still requires attention to prevent complications.
  2. Infectious Keratitis
    This results from bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites entering the eye. Contact lens wearers are at higher risk, especially if hygiene practices are inadequate. Common symptoms include redness, pain, blurry vision, and sensitivity to light.

At Pendleton Eye Center, we specialize in keratitis treatment to ensure your eyes stay healthy and your vision remains clear. If you suspect keratitis, don’t wait –

Pterygium

Pterygium, sometimes known as ‘Surfer’s Eye’, is a non-cancerous growth on the eye’s surface, often caused by UV exposure, dust, wind, or dry eye. It appears as a pink or red growth on the sclera and may extend toward the pupil, leading to discomfort or vision issues.

Keratoconus

Keratoconus is a progressive eye condition in which the cornea, normally dome-shaped, becomes thin and bulges into a cone-like shape. This irregular shape affects the cornea’s ability to focus light correctly on the retina, leading to distorted and blurry vision. Corneal Thinning is often closely associated with Keratoconus although the exact cause of keratoconus is not fully understood. It is thought to involve genetic, environmental, and biochemical factors.

  • Onset and Progression: Typically begins in the teenage years or early 20s and may progress over 10–20 years.
  • Bilateral Condition: Usually affects both eyes, but one eye may be more severely affected than the other.
  • Irregular Astigmatism: The cone-shaped cornea leads to uneven focusing of light, causing significant visual distortion.
  • Blurred or distorted vision.
  • Increased sensitivity to light and glare.
  • Frequent changes in eyeglass or contact lens prescriptions.
  • Difficulty with night vision.
  • Double vision or ghost images (especially in one eye).
  • Eye strain and discomfort.
  1. Genetic Factors:
    • Family history of keratoconus increases risk.
    • Associated with certain genetic disorders like Down syndrome and connective tissue disorders.
  2. Environmental Factors:
    • Chronic eye rubbing, which may weaken the cornea.
    • Allergic conditions like hay fever or eczema.
  3. Biochemical Factors:
    • Imbalance in corneal enzymes leading to weakened corneal structure.

Keratoconus Treatment depends on the severity and progression of the condition.

  1. Non-Surgical Options:
    • Glasses or Soft Contact Lenses: Effective in the early stages.
    • Rigid Gas-Permeable (RGP) Contact Lenses: Help in cases of irregular corneas.
    • Hybrid or Scleral Lenses: Specialized lenses for advanced cases, providing better comfort and vision.
  2. Collagen Cross-Linking (CXL):
    • A minimally invasive procedure that strengthens the cornea by creating new collagen bonds.
    • Halts or slows progression but does not reverse existing damage.
  3. Intacs:
    • Small plastic inserts surgically placed in the cornea to improve shape and vision.
  4. Corneal Transplant:
    • Required in advanced cases where other treatments fail.
    • Full-thickness (penetrating keratoplasty) or partial-thickness (deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty) transplants may be performed.

Keratoconus, while potentially challenging, is manageable with advancements in diagnostic and treatment options, enabling patients to maintain a good quality of life. With early detection and appropriate management, most people maintain functional vision.  Schedule your appointment online today.

Corneal Dystrophies (Hereditary)

Corneal dystrophies are a group of inherited disorders that affect the cornea, the clear front layer of the eye. These conditions are typically bilateral, progressive, and not associated with inflammation or external causes. They result from the accumulation of abnormal material in the cornea, leading to changes in its clarity, structure, or function, which can impair vision over time. While other corneal dystrophies like Keratoconus and Map-Dot-Fingerprint dystrophy (EBMD) are also common, Fuchs’ dystrophy is particularly noteworthy due to its prevalence in older adults and its role as a major cause of visual impairment in this demographic.

Fuch’s Dystrophy or Fuchs’ Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy (FECD) is considered the most common corneal dystrophy, particularly in individuals over the age of 50. It primarily affects the corneal endothelium, which is responsible for maintaining corneal hydration and clarity.

  1. Age-Related Incidence:
    • Fuchs’ dystrophy often develops later in life, typically affecting individuals in their 50s or older.
    • Its prevalence increases with age, making it a significant cause of corneal dysfunction in older populations.
  2. Gender Disparity:
    • Women are affected more frequently than men, contributing to higher detection rates in clinical settings.
  3. Surgical Relevance:
    • Fuchs’ dystrophy is a leading indication for corneal transplantation (such as DMEK or DSEK), underscoring its widespread clinical impact.
  • Blurred vision, especially in the morning (due to overnight corneal swelling).
  • Glare, halos around lights, and sensitivity to light.
  • Advanced cases may lead to painful blisters (bullae) on the corneal surface.

Treatment depends on the type and severity of the dystrophy.

  1. Non-Surgical Options:
    • Lubricating Eye Drops: Relieve dryness and discomfort.
    • Hypertonic Saline Drops or Ointments: Reduce corneal swelling.
    • Bandage Contact Lenses: Protect the cornea during episodes of RCE.
    • Medications: Antibiotics or anti-inflammatory drops as needed for complications.
  2. Surgical Options:
    • Corneal Transplant:
      • Partial-thickness (e.g., DALK or DMEK) or full-thickness (PK) transplantation.
      • Typically used for advanced dystrophies with significant vision loss.

Why Choose Pendleton Eye Center for Corneal Care?

At Pendleton Eye Center, your vision is our priority. Whether you need routine monitoring or advanced surgical care, our team is here to guide you through your treatment journey.

Schedule a Consultation Today

If you’re experiencing vision changes, discomfort, or have concerns about your corneal health, contact Pendleton Eye Center. Our experts are ready to provide you with the care you need to achieve clear, healthy vision.

Frequently Asked Questions

The cornea is the clear, dome-shaped surface covering the front of the eye. It plays a vital role in focusing light onto the retina, enabling clear vision.

Symptoms may include redness, blurred vision, light sensitivity, eye pain, tearing, and a gritty or foreign body sensation in the eye.

Common conditions include keratoconus, Fuchs’ dystrophy, dry eye syndrome, corneal infections (keratitis), and pterygium.

Corneal diseases can be caused by genetics, infections, injuries, prolonged UV exposure, or conditions like dry eye syndrome.

An eye doctor will perform a comprehensive eye exam, including corneal imaging, visual acuity tests, and other diagnostic tools like topography or pachymetry.

Treatments range from eyeglasses or contact lenses for mild cases to advanced procedures like corneal cross-linking, corneal transplants, or pterygium removal for severe cases.

It is a condition where the cornea thins and bulges into a cone shape, causing distorted vision. Treatments include specialized contact lenses, corneal cross-linking, and, in severe cases, corneal transplants.

A corneal transplant replaces damaged or diseased corneal tissue with healthy donor tissue. It is typically needed for advanced corneal conditions like Fuchs’ dystrophy or severe scarring.

Protect your cornea by wearing UV-blocking sunglasses, practicing good contact lens hygiene, using protective eyewear during activities, and seeking prompt care for eye injuries or infections.

If you experience persistent eye redness, pain, blurred vision, sensitivity to light, or other symptoms, schedule an appointment promptly to prevent further complications.

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